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MAC Layer Function:

1. Mapping between logical channels and transport channel.
2. Multiplexing of MAC SDU form one or more different logical channels onto the transport blocks.
3. Those Transport blocks will be delivered to the physical channel.
4. De-multiplexing for MAC PDUs from transport blocks from physical channel to transport channel.
5. Error correction through HARQ.
6. Logical channel prioritization
7. Transport format selection.

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Some of the functions are specific to UE and some of them are specific to eNB.

Below is the detailed image of the correct functions:

MAC function location and link direction association.

MAC Architecture:

From the above image, we can see can see that MAC layer has multiple entities in its architecture.

1. Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing:

   Its function is to composing and decomposing of multiple MAC PDU to and from the transport channels.

2. Logical channel Prioritisation:

   This entity will tell how much data from each logical channel should be included in each MAC PDU.

3. HARQ:

   It preforms Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, which includes automatic transmission of transport packets, retransmission of transport blocks.

4. Control Entity:

   It handles DRX resource requests, power headroom report.

MAC layer sits between RLC layer and PHY layer.

PCCH is mapped to PCH
BCCH is mapped to BCH and HARQ
CCCH, DCCH, DTCH is mapped to Logical Channel prioritization.

MAC PDU

There are 3 different types of MAC PDU

1. MAC PDU for Transparent MAC
2. MAC PDU for DL-SCH and UL-SCH
3. MAC PDU for Random Access Response

A MAC PDU can contain:

MAC header
Zero or more MAC control elements
Zero or more MAC SDU
Optional Padding

MAC control elements are placed before any MAC SDU
Padding occurs at the end of the MAC PDU

1. MAC PDU for Transparent MAC

It has only one MAC SDU
THe size of SDU is equal to the TB size

2. MAC PDU for DL-SCH and UL-SCH

In the sub header:
R: Reserved Bits
E : Extension. If set 1, indicates that another sub header follows. Else MAC control elements/SDU/padding starts at next byte.
LCID : Logical channel Identifiers. 15 values are there.
L : Length in bytes
F : If set 0, when length of MAC CE/SDU is less then 128 bytes. Indicates “L” fields of 7 bits.
If set 1, when length of MAC CE/SDU is more then 127 bytes. Indicates “L” fields of 15 bits.

The first MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/RAPID

The second MAC PDU subheader consists of the five header field E/T/R/R/BI

The third MAC PDU subheader consists of the 4 header field R/R/E/LCID

3. MAC PDU for Random Access Response

A MAC PDU consists of a MAC header and zero or more MAC Random Access Responses (MAC RAR) and optionally padding

The first MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/RAPID
The second MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/R/R/BI (Backoff Indicator)

Can 1 mac PDU can contain multiple Random Access Responses? Yes.

MAC Procedures:

1. Random Access Procedure
2. DL-SCH Data Transfer
3. UL-SCH Data Transfer
4. PCH Reception
5. BCH Reception
6. Discontinuous Reception
7. MAC Reconfiguration
8. MAC Reset

4. MAC Control Element

1. Downlink MAC CE [eNB to UE perspective]

2. Uplink MAC CE [UE to eNB perspective]

All MAC Control Elements:

Brief explanation of MAC CE:

1. Buffer Status Report (BSR) MAC control element.

It is sued to indicate eNB the Buffer size in bytes for all logical channels in a logical channel group.

There are two types of BSR:
1. Short BSR and Truncated BSR for,at
2. Long BSR

2. C-RNTI MAC control element.

Used to indicate to eNB the C-RNIT of the UE

3. UE contention Resolution Identity MAC control element.

It is used during contention resolution phase to contain CCCH SDU.

4. Timing Advanced Command MAC control element

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Indicates the timing adjustment that the UE has to apply.

5. DRX command MAC control element.

6. Power Headroom MAC control element.

List Of Tutorials available in this website:

Using Linux gives you more control to the software and hardware you use when compared with macOS. Also, Linux is more customizable than macOS, so here are 3 Linux distributions that follow a desktop layout similar to macOS. Note that I am in no way saying that these distros are copying macOS, they are just different implementations of the same basic idea.

1. Elementary OS

If you are someone who is looking to replace macOS with Linux and you are not a technical person. This is the best distribution of Linux for you. The application's menu in the top left corner shows installed applications in different pages with support for automatic categorization.By default, elementary OS comes with a minimal set of applications, but more applications which are specially designed to run on elementary OS can be found in the AppCenter along with other apps that are generally available for Linux.

Moving on, we have the date and time, which when clicked shows a calendar with any events for that day. And then we have sound, network, notifications and power options at the right side of the top bar. The default internet browser that comes with elementary OS is epiphany but installing Firefox or Google Chrome is pretty easy.

Unlike macOS, you won't get the minimize button, instead the people at elementary OS suggest you to close the application when not using, as most of the elementary OS applications are designed to remember their previously opened state. Although the close button is on the left like macOS, the maximize button is on the right side of the title bar. To get more workspaces, you can click on the first icon in the dock which takes you to a screen that looks like this here you can scroll to switch between different workspaces, which are dynamically created for you.

The settings app features a simple icon style layout where you will get an idea of what they are just by a glance. Elementary OS uses the long term support edition of Ubuntu which is considered the most popular Linux distribution, so any software guide that works with Ubuntu should also work on elementary OS.

2. Ubuntu with the Budgie desktop

Ubuntu Budgie is a bit more customizable when compared with elementary OS, also Ubuntu Budgie is one of the official flavors of Ubuntu. This means you will get frequent updates directly from Ubuntu.

Clicking on the budgie icon in the to top left corner opens the app launcher which is just a list of applications with categories on the left. Although there are only three programs pinned to the dock, there are a few more applications installed with Ubuntu Budgie. Just like elementary OS, the clock is again in the center of the top bar but also the clock in the desktop gets updated.

Ubuntu Budgie comes preinstalled with Mozilla Firefox but getting Google Chrome or Chromium browser is really just a few clicks in the software store. Unlike macOS you get the close, minimize and maximize buttons on the right side, with minimize button not being skipped.

To switch between workspaces, pressing Control + Alt + Left or Right arrow keys will do the job. The setting's app has a very clean interface with an easy-to-understand sidebar. I would say, if you can't decide which one to pick , just go with Ubuntu Budgie, as it has large number applications and newest versions.

3. Deepin OS

Deepin OS is the most gorgeous looking distribution of Linux. Deepin's desktop provides a minimalist dock only layout where the top bar is omitted, instead having everything in the dock itself.

Unlike the previous two distributions, Deepin is based on Debian which is what Ubuntu is based on. This means, although commands are going to be pretty similar, software package names, and their versions might be a bit different. Tutorials that are made for Ubuntu may or may not work on Deepin OS.

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Starting from the left, you will find the launcher which almost looks like the macOS launchpad. If you prefer a smaller menu instead, clicking on the shrink icon in the top right corner will transform the launcher into a menu like layout. Next to that you will find a file manager that looks sleek and modern followed by AppStore, Music and Movies. Deepin OS comes with Google Chrome preinstalled, but getting Firefox or Chromium or any other popular internet browser is as easy as clicking a button.

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Unlike macOS or previous distributions we have seen, Deepin OS has it's settings in a sidebar. Next to that, you will find the system tray which can be minimized by clicking arrow. After that are the power options and the clock which is totally useless as you cannot see properly what's the time, followed by a trash bin.

Deepin OS is developed by Wuhan Technologies in China, so if you have any trust issues you can use the Deepin flavor of a distribution named Manjaro, but it is slightly more advanced.

Other than the three Linux distributions we saw now, almost all other distributions with K desktop environment or KDE can be made to exactly look and feel like a macOS desktop. Using Linux instead of macOS gives us the freedom to update as we no longer get automatic updates. Also, if you are a developer or a sysadmin, using Linux will allow you to learn how operating systems work under the hood.